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In computing, software testers and software engineers can use an oracle as a mechanism for determining whether a test has passed or failed.〔Kaner, Cem; (''A Course in Black Box Software Testing'' ), 2004〕 The use of oracles involves comparing the output(s) of the system under test, for a given test-case input, to the output(s) that the oracle determines that product should have. William E. Howden first defined and used the term in this sense in his article "Introduction to the Theory of Testing".〔In: Miller, Edward; and Howden, William E.; ''Software Testing and Validation Techniques'', Long Beach, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1978 (first edition), pp. 16-19〕 Additional work on different kinds of oracles was explored by Elaine Weyuker.〔Weyuker, Elaine J.; "The Oracle Assumption of Program Testing", in ''Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on System Sciences (ICSS), Honolulu, HI, January 1980'', pp. 44-49〕 Oracles often operate separately from the system under test.〔Jalote, Pankaj; ''An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering'', Springer/Birkhäuser, 2005, ISBN 0-387-20881-X〕 Method postconditions are commonly used as automated oracles in automated class testing.〔Meyer, Bertrand; ''et al.''; "Programs that Test Themselves", ''IEEE Computer'', 42:9 (September 2009), pp. 46-55〕 The oracle problem is often much harder than it seems, and involves solving problems related to controllability and observability.〔Ammann, Paul; and Offutt, Jeff; "Introduction to Software Testing", ''Cambridge University Press'', 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-88038-1〕 Common oracles include: * specifications and documentation * other products (for instance, an oracle for a software program might be a second program that uses a different algorithm to evaluate the same mathematical expression as the product under test) * a ''heuristic oracle'' that provides approximate results or exact results for a set of a few test inputs〔 Hoffman, Douglas; (Heuristic Test Oracles ), Software Testing & Quality Engineering Magazine, 1999〕 * a ''statistical oracle'' that uses statistical characteristics〔Mayer, Johannes; and Guderlei, Ralph; (''Test Oracles Using Statistical Methods'' ) 〕 * a ''consistency oracle'' that compares the results of one test execution to another for similarity〔 Hoffman, Douglas; (''Analysis of a Taxonomy for Test Oracles'' ), Quality Week, 1998 〕 * a ''model-based oracle'' that uses the same model to generate and verify system behavior〔Robinson, Harry; (''Finite State Model-Based Testing on a Shoestring'' ), STAR West 1999〕 * a human oracle (i.e. the correctness of the system under test is determined by manual analysis)〔 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oracle (software testing)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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